Macedonian Empire

The empire Alexander the Great built through conquest from Greece and Egypt to western Asia. It fragmented after his death in 323 BCE, leaving successor kingdoms that spread Greek influence.

Alexander the Great: King of Macedon who conquered the Achaemenid Persian Empire and territories extending into northwestern India. His campaigns created the empire, and his personal command shaped its expansion.
Philip II of Macedon: King of Macedon from 359 to 336 BCE who strengthened its army and expanded its power across Greece. He built the military and political foundations Alexander used to conquer the Persian Empire.
Wars of the Diadochi: The conflicts among Alexander’s successors over control of his empire after his death in 323 BCE. These wars ended the unified empire and established the major successor dynasties.
Alexandria: A city founded by Alexander in Egypt in 331 BCE that became a major center of Hellenistic scholarship and trade. Its foundation exemplifies how conquest created lasting urban centers beyond Macedon.
Battle of Chaeronea: The 338 BCE battle in which Philip II of Macedon defeated Athens and Thebes. Its outcome established Macedonian dominance over much of mainland Greece before Alexander’s eastern campaigns.
Macedon: An ancient kingdom north of mainland Greece that became a major power under Philip II and Alexander the Great. The empire grew from this kingdom and retained its royal dynasty and military core.
Diadochi: The generals and political heirs who competed to succeed Alexander the Great. Their rival claims turned the empire’s uncertain succession into decades of war.
Alexandria Eschate: An ancient city founded by Alexander in Sogdiana, near modern Khujand in Tajikistan. Its distant foundation shows how Macedonian rule reached Central Asia.
Battle of Issus: A 333 BCE battle in which Alexander defeated the Persian king Darius III in Cilicia. This victory opened the eastern Mediterranean coast to Macedonian advance.
Macedonian phalanx: An infantry formation that used long pikes called sarissas to create a dense, forward-pointing line. Philip II developed the formation into a central instrument of Macedonian battlefield power.

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