Macromolecule (biochemistry)
A large biological molecule, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or polysaccharide, that performs structural or functional roles in cells.
Monomer: A small molecule that can bond with others to form a larger molecule. Many biological macromolecules are built by linking repeated monomers.
Protein folding: The process by which a protein adopts its functional three-dimensional structure. A protein’s folded shape determines its interactions and biological activity.
Protein: A polymer of amino acids that folds into structures with diverse cellular functions. Proteins act as enzymes, structural materials, transporters, and regulators.
Small molecule: A molecule of relatively low molecular mass, such as water, glucose, or an amino acid. Small molecules differ from macromolecules in size and often serve as their building blocks.
Polymer: A large molecule made of repeating or connected smaller molecular units. Proteins, nucleic acids, and many carbohydrates are biological polymers.
Molecular recognition: Selective binding between molecules through complementary shapes and chemical interactions. Macromolecules often function by recognizing and binding specific partners.
Nucleic acid: A nucleotide polymer that stores, transmits, or helps express genetic information. DNA and RNA are macromolecules central to heredity and gene expression.
Supramolecular assembly: An organized structure formed by noncovalent association of multiple molecules. Some cellular structures exceed one macromolecule by assembling many molecular components.
Covalent bond: A chemical bond formed when atoms share electron pairs. Covalent bonds hold the atoms and subunits of macromolecules together.
Enzyme: A biological catalyst that accelerates a chemical reaction without being consumed. Many enzymes are protein macromolecules that catalyze cellular reactions.