Made in China 2025

A Chinese industrial policy announced in 2015 to upgrade manufacturing, raise domestic capabilities, and develop advanced industries.

Industrial policy: Government action that shapes the structure, capabilities, or performance of industries. Made in China 2025 is a national program for directing industrial upgrading.
Advanced manufacturing: The production of complex goods using sophisticated technologies, processes, and skilled labor. The policy's sector goals serve a wider push toward advanced manufacturing.
Market liberalism: An economic approach favoring market coordination and limited government direction of production. It contrasts with the plan's explicit state coordination of industrial development.
China–United States trade war: A prolonged trade conflict marked by tariffs and policy disputes between China and the United States. US concerns about Chinese industrial policy became part of the conflict's political context.
Chinese economic reform: The transformation of China's economy through market-oriented changes beginning in the late 1970s. The plan followed decades of reform that expanded manufacturing and integrated China into global markets.
Strategic emerging industries: Industries designated by China for priority development because of their expected economic and technological importance. The plan builds on China's broader effort to expand these sectors.
Industrial robot: An automatically controlled, reprogrammable machine used in industrial production. Robotics is a direct target of the plan's automation ambitions.
Washington Consensus: A set of market-oriented policy recommendations associated with economic reform in developing countries. Its emphasis on liberalization differs from Made in China 2025's targeted industrial support.
Technology transfer: The movement of technical knowledge, skills, or technology between people, firms, or countries. Foreign firms and governments debated whether market access pressured companies to transfer technology.
China's 12th Five-Year Plan: China's national economic and social development plan for 2011–2015. Its emphasis on innovation and strategic industries preceded the 2015 manufacturing initiative.

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