Magnetic flux

Magnetic flux measures the magnetic field passing through a surface, calculated as the surface integral of the field over that surface.

Magnetic field: A vector field that describes magnetic influence at each point in space. Flux integrates this field’s component perpendicular to a chosen surface.
Dot product: An operation on two vectors that returns a scalar proportional to their alignment. The field’s dot product with the surface normal selects the perpendicular component.
Electromagnetic induction: The production of electromotive force by changing magnetic fields or changing circuit geometry. Magnetic-flux change is the standard description of induction in circuits.
Electric flux: The surface integral of the electric field, measuring electric field passing through a surface. It is the electric-field analogue, governed by different source and flux laws.
Surface integral: An integral that sums a quantity distributed over a surface, accounting for its area elements. Magnetic flux is defined by integrating the field across the surface.
Oriented surface: A surface equipped with a consistent choice of normal direction. Its chosen normal fixes the sign of magnetic flux.
Electric generator: A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy through electromagnetic induction. Rotating coils vary their linked flux and produce an alternating voltage.
Magnetic field line: A curve whose tangent follows the direction of the magnetic field at each point. Field lines visualize direction, while flux quantifies field through a surface.
Faraday's law of induction: A law stating that changing magnetic flux through a circuit induces an electromotive force. Changes in flux connect this quantity directly to induced voltage.
Weber: The SI unit of magnetic flux, equal to one tesla square metre. It supplies the standard unit for the integrated field.

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