Magnetic susceptibility

Magnetic susceptibility measures how strongly a material’s magnetization responds to an applied magnetic field. Its sign and magnitude distinguish diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and other magnetic responses.

Magnetization: Magnetization is the magnetic dipole moment per unit volume of a material. Susceptibility quantifies how magnetization changes when an external field is applied.
Diamagnetism: Diamagnetism is a magnetic response in which an applied field induces magnetization opposing that field. Its negative susceptibility identifies the induced, opposing response.
Magnetic susceptibility measurement: Magnetic susceptibility measurement determines a material’s response to a known applied magnetic field. Different instruments infer susceptibility from force, torque, or magnetic induction.
Magnetic remanence: Magnetic remanence is magnetization retained by a material after an external field is removed. Susceptibility describes induced response, whereas remanence persists without the applied field.
Curie–Weiss law: The Curie–Weiss law describes susceptibility above a magnetic ordering temperature as proportional to 1/(T − θ). Its deviation from Curie behavior signals interactions among magnetic moments.
Magnetic field strength: Magnetic field strength is the vector field H used to describe magnetizing influence in a medium. In a linear material, susceptibility relates magnetization to this applied field.
Paramagnetism: Paramagnetism is a magnetic response in which unpaired moments tend to align with an applied field. Its positive susceptibility reflects partial alignment of magnetic moments.
Gouy balance: A Gouy balance measures magnetic susceptibility from the force on a sample in a nonuniform field. It provides a classical route to bulk susceptibility using a field gradient.
Magnetic permeability: Magnetic permeability relates magnetic flux density to magnetic field strength in a material. Permeability includes the vacuum contribution; susceptibility describes the material’s response relative to it.
Magnetic phase transition: A magnetic phase transition is a change between distinct magnetic states as conditions such as temperature vary. Susceptibility often rises sharply or diverges near magnetic ordering transitions.

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