Magnetism

Magnetism comprises physical phenomena arising from magnetic fields and magnetic moments, including forces between moving charges and the collective ordering of moments in materials.

Magnetic field: A vector field that describes magnetic influence and determines the force on moving charges and magnetic dipoles. It represents the spatial influence through which magnetic forces act.
Electron spin: An intrinsic quantum property of electrons that contributes to angular momentum and magnetic moment. Electron spin supplies a major source of atomic magnetism.
Electromagnetic induction: The production of an electromotive force by changing magnetic flux through a circuit. It converts motion or changing fields into electrical power.
Diamagnetism: A weak magnetic response in which an applied field induces magnetization opposing that field. It is the universal, usually subtle response that opposes an external field.
Lodestone: A naturally magnetized form of the mineral magnetite that attracts iron and can align with Earth's magnetic field. This naturally occurring magnet provided early evidence of magnetic attraction.
Lorentz force: The force on an electrically charged particle due to electric and magnetic fields. Its magnetic component explains how fields deflect moving charges.
Orbital magnetic moment: A magnetic moment associated with a charged particle's orbital motion around a center. It contributes to atomic magnetism alongside electron spin.
Electric motor: A machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical motion using electromagnetic forces. Motors use magnetic forces to produce controlled rotation.
Paramagnetism: A magnetic response in which unpaired moments weakly align with an applied field and disorder when it is removed. It contrasts induced alignment with persistent magnetic order.
William Gilbert: An English physician and natural philosopher whose 1600 work argued that Earth behaves like a magnet. His experiments established terrestrial magnetism as a subject of systematic study.

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