Magnetization

Magnetization is the magnetic dipole moment per unit volume of a material. It describes the material’s net magnetic response, including its direction and strength.

Magnetic dipole moment: A vector measure of the strength and orientation of a magnetic source. Magnetization is the sum of microscopic magnetic dipole moments divided by volume.
Magnetic moment density: A quantity describing magnetic moment distributed per unit volume. This is the defining physical quantity represented by magnetization.
Permanent magnet: An object that retains a substantial magnetic field without continuous external power. Its persistent field comes from stable remanent magnetization.
Diamagnetism: A weak magnetic response in which an applied field induces magnetization opposite to that field. Its induced magnetization opposes the applied field, unlike spontaneous ferromagnetic order.
Magnetic susceptibility: A measure of how much a material’s magnetization changes in response to an applied magnetic field. It quantifies the response linking applied field to magnetization in many materials.
Bohr magneton: The natural unit of an electron’s magnetic moment, defined using fundamental constants. Electron magnetic moments are often compared in units of the Bohr magneton.
Magnetic recording: Data storage that encodes information in patterns of magnetization within a medium. Recording writes and reads information by changing local magnetization.
Paramagnetism: A magnetic response in which unaligned moments tend to align with an applied field. It produces field-dependent magnetization without persistent spontaneous order.
Magnetic domains: Regions in a magnetic material where atomic magnetic moments align in a common direction. Domain alignment and wall motion change a material’s net magnetization.
Spin magnetic moment: A magnetic dipole moment associated with a particle’s intrinsic angular momentum. Electron spin supplies a major microscopic contribution to magnetization.

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