Magnetohydrodynamic techniques

Magnetohydrodynamic techniques use magnetic fields to measure, generate, or control motion in electrically conducting fluids such as liquid metals, plasmas, and salt water.

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Magnetohydrodynamics: The study of electrically conducting fluids and their interactions with magnetic fields. These techniques apply magnetohydrodynamic principles to measurement and control.
Liquid-metal flow measurement: Measurement of liquid-metal velocity or flow rate using electromagnetic effects. Electromagnetic sensors monitor opaque, hot metal flows without mechanical probes.
Electrical conductivity: A material property measuring how readily electric charge moves through a substance. Conductivity determines the currents available for magnetic forces and sensing.
Ultrasonic flow measurement: Measurement of fluid velocity using sound-wave travel times or Doppler shifts. It can measure flow without requiring electrical conductivity in the fluid.
Lorentz force: The force exerted on electric charges and currents by electric and magnetic fields. Currents induced in a moving fluid experience this force, enabling magnetic control.
Electromagnetic stirring: Induction of fluid motion by magnetic fields and currents in a conducting material. Stirring mixes molten metal without an immersed mechanical impeller.
Electromagnetic induction: The generation of electromotive force by changing magnetic flux or moving conductors. It is the broader physical principle behind voltage-based flow measurements.
Coriolis flowmeter: A flowmeter that determines mass flow from the vibration of a fluid-carrying tube. It offers direct mass-flow measurement through a mechanical rather than magnetic response.
Faraday induction: The production of an electromotive force when magnetic flux through a circuit changes. A conducting fluid moving through a magnetic field generates a voltage that can be measured.
Magnetohydrodynamic drive: Propulsion that accelerates a conducting fluid using electric currents and magnetic fields. The Lorentz force can propel seawater without a conventional propeller.