Magyars

The Magyars are a Hungarian-speaking people whose ancestors settled in the Carpathian Basin around the late ninth century. Their history connects steppe migrations with the formation of medieval Hungary.

Ugric languages: A branch of the Uralic language family comprising Hungarian and the Ob-Ugric languages Khanty and Mansi. Hungarian preserves the clearest linguistic link between Magyars and their remote Uralic relatives.
Magyar tribal federation: A confederation of Magyar tribes that organized political and military action before and during settlement in the Carpathian Basin. The federation was the political structure through which the migration was coordinated.
Árpád dynasty: The ruling dynasty traditionally traced to Árpád that governed Hungary from the conquest period until 1301. Its rulers turned Magyar leadership into a durable royal house.
Huns: A confederation of Eurasian steppe peoples prominent in Europe under Attila during the fifth century. Medieval chronicles connected Hungarians to the Huns, but the peoples belong to different historical periods.
Etelköz: A region between the Dnieper and lower Danube where the Magyar tribal alliance lived before entering the Carpathian Basin. This homeland preceded the migration westward around the end of the ninth century.
Hungarian raids in Europe: Military expeditions by Magyar forces into western and central Europe, especially during the tenth century. Raiding characterized the early decades after settlement, before defeats encouraged a shift toward kingship.
Stephen I of Hungary: The first king of Hungary, crowned around 1000, who established Christian institutions and royal government. His reign completed the transformation from Magyar principality to Christian kingdom.
Avars: A steppe empire that ruled much of the Carpathian Basin from the sixth to the early ninth century. The Avars preceded Magyar settlement in the same region and are not the same people.
Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin: The late ninth-century migration and occupation through which Magyar groups established themselves in the Carpathian Basin. It marks the settlement that began the Magyars’ enduring connection to Hungary.
Battle of Lechfeld: A 955 battle near Augsburg in which Otto I’s forces defeated a Magyar army. The defeat helped end large-scale Magyar raids into western Europe.

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