Mahatma Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869–1948) was an Indian lawyer and political leader who led a mass movement against British rule through nonviolent resistance.

Satyagraha: A method of resistance based on truth, nonviolence, and willingness to accept suffering without retaliation. Gandhi developed this method into the organizing principle of his campaigns.
Indian South Africans: People of Indian ancestry who live in South Africa, including descendants of indentured workers and migrants. Their discrimination shaped Gandhi’s early political work and campaigns.
Kasturba Gandhi: An Indian political activist and Gandhi’s wife, who participated in campaigns in South Africa and India. She shared the risks of his activism and developed an independent public role.
Indian independence movement: The political struggle that ended British rule in India and established independent states in 1947. Gandhi became its most prominent mass leader, though many movements and leaders contributed.
Bhagat Singh: An Indian revolutionary socialist executed by the British in 1931 for his role in anti-colonial resistance. Singh’s revolutionary militancy offered a stark alternative to Gandhi’s nonviolent strategy.
Civil disobedience: The deliberate, public refusal to obey laws considered unjust, usually without violence. Gandhi used principled lawbreaking to challenge colonial authority.
Natal Indian Congress: A political organization founded in 1894 to oppose discrimination against Indians in the Colony of Natal. Gandhi helped establish it as his first sustained political organization.
Jawaharlal Nehru: An Indian nationalist leader and the country’s first prime minister after independence. Nehru worked with Gandhi while disagreeing with him about industrialization and political strategy.
Partition of India: The 1947 division of British India into the independent states of India and Pakistan. Gandhi opposed partition and worked to reduce communal violence as it unfolded.
Subhas Chandra Bose: An Indian nationalist leader who sought to overthrow British rule with armed force during World War II. Bose rejected Gandhi’s reliance on nonviolence as the route to independence.

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