Mamluk

A member of a military class formed from enslaved soldiers, especially those who ruled Egypt from 1250 until the Ottoman conquest in 1517 and remained influential afterward.

Mamluk Sultanate: The polity ruled by Mamluk military elites in Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1517. It was the state in which Mamluk military households became sovereign rulers.
Bahri Mamluks: The first major Mamluk ruling faction in Egypt, dominant from 1250 to 1382. Their seizure of power established Mamluk rule in Egypt.
Baybars: A Mamluk sultan who ruled Egypt and Syria from 1260 to 1277. His campaigns and state-building strengthened Mamluk power after Ain Jalut.
Mamluk architecture: The architectural tradition developed under Mamluk patrons, especially in Egypt and Syria from the thirteenth to sixteenth centuries. Mamluk rulers and amirs left a distinctive legacy of mosques, schools, and mausoleums.
Ottoman Empire: A transcontinental empire that ruled from the late thirteenth century until 1922. Ottoman conquest replaced the Mamluk sultanate with imperial provincial government.
Military slavery: A system in which enslaved people are trained and employed as soldiers or military administrators. Mamluks belonged to a broader institution of soldiers recruited through enslavement.
Burji Mamluks: The Mamluk ruling faction that dominated Egypt from 1382 until the Ottoman conquest. They succeeded the Bahri faction and continued the Mamluk sultanate.
Qalawun: A Mamluk sultan who ruled Egypt from 1279 to 1290 and founded a dynasty. His descendants held the sultanate for much of the following century.
Citadel of Cairo: A fortified complex in Cairo developed as a seat of government and military power. Mamluk rulers used the citadel as a center of administration and command.
Mongol Empire: A Eurasian empire founded by Genghis Khan in the early thirteenth century. Mamluk victories against Mongol forces checked their westward expansion into Egypt.

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