Manchu conquest of China

The seventeenth-century overthrow of Ming rule and establishment of Qing rule in China by Manchu forces and their allies. It began with the Qing invasion in 1644 and continued through campaigns to subdue regional resistance.

Later Jin: The state founded by Nurhaci in 1616 that became the Qing dynasty under Hong Taiji. Its military and political expansion created the state that invaded Ming China.
Siege of Yangzhou: The 1645 Qing siege and capture of Yangzhou, followed by extensive killing of its inhabitants. Its fall shows the violence used to secure Qing control in the lower Yangtze region.
Nurhaci: The Jurchen leader who founded the Later Jin state and organized the banners before his death in 1626. His state-building laid the foundations for the Manchu invasion of China.
Ming dynasty: The Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 until its collapse in the seventeenth century. Its political crisis and military defeat made the Qing takeover possible.
Queue order: A Qing decree requiring Han Chinese men to shave the forehead and wear the remaining hair in a braid. The order made submission to Qing authority visible and provoked resistance.
Ming–Qing transition: The decades-long political and military upheaval in which Ming rule gave way to Qing rule in China. The conquest formed the central military passage from Ming collapse to Qing government.
Ten Days' Massacre of Yangzhou: A large-scale killing of civilians after Qing forces captured Yangzhou in 1645. The massacre became a stark record of conquest-era violence and resistance.
Hong Taiji: The Later Jin ruler who adopted the name Qing in 1636 and expanded its institutions and military reach. He turned Nurhaci’s state into the Qing dynasty that claimed China.
Southern Ming: A succession of Ming-loyalist courts in southern China after the fall of Beijing in 1644. Its rulers contested Qing legitimacy and prolonged the transition into the 1660s.
Qing dynasty: The Manchu-led dynasty that ruled China from 1644 to 1912, expanding its territory and governing a multiethnic empire. The conquest established the dynasty whose rule shaped China for nearly three centuries.

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