Manchuria

A historical region of northeastern Asia, now largely within northeastern China, traditionally associated with the Manchu people. Its boundaries have varied across historical periods and political usage.

Manchu people: A Tungusic-speaking ethnic group originating in northeastern Asia that founded the Qing dynasty. The region’s name and historical identity are tied to this people.
Willow Palisade: A system of ditches and willow fences built by the Qing to restrict movement into parts of Manchuria. It illustrates Qing efforts to preserve the region as a protected homeland.
Russo-Japanese War: A war fought from 1904 to 1905 between the Russian and Japanese empires, largely over influence in Manchuria and Korea. Its outcome shifted regional influence from Russia toward Japan.
Outer Manchuria: A historical term for territories north and east of the Amur and Ussuri rivers now largely within Russia. It distinguishes lands once associated with Manchuria but ceded to Russia from the region within China.
Jurchen people: A Tungusic-speaking people of northeastern Asia whose Jin dynasty preceded the Manchu Qing dynasty. The Jurchens were the principal predecessors of the Manchus in the region.
Chuang Guandong: The large-scale migration of Han Chinese from north China into Manchuria, especially from the nineteenth century onward. Migration transformed the region’s population and agricultural economy.
Mukden Incident: A 1931 explosion near a railway in Mukden used by Japan as a pretext to occupy Manchuria. The incident initiated Japan’s seizure of the region and the creation of Manchukuo.
Inner Manchuria: A historical term for the southern portion of Manchuria, especially areas later organized as Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang. The term contrasts the Qing homeland’s Chinese-held core with territories lost to Russia.
Later Jin: A state founded by Nurhaci in 1616 that became the Qing dynasty in 1636. Its rise from Manchuria began the conquest that established Qing rule over China.
Treaty of Aigun: A 1858 treaty between Qing China and Russia that transferred territory north of the Amur River to Russia. It marked a major loss of Qing territory on Manchuria’s northern frontier.

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