Manganese

Manganese is a metallic chemical element with atomic number 25. Its varied oxidation states make it useful in steelmaking, batteries, pigments, and biological chemistry.

Ferromanganese: An iron alloy containing substantial manganese, used chiefly to add manganese to steel. This alloy is a direct industrial route for introducing manganese during steelmaking.
Oxidation state: A formal measure of an atom's electron bookkeeping in a compound. Manganese's many accessible oxidation states explain its diverse compounds and reactions.
Manganese nodule: A mineral concretion on the seafloor rich in manganese and iron oxides. These nodules are a major potential seabed resource of manganese and other metals.
Manganism: A neurological disorder caused by chronic exposure to excessive manganese. Prolonged occupational exposure to manganese can damage motor control and cognition.
Hadfield steel: A high-manganese steel known for work hardening and resistance to wear and impact. Its exceptional work hardening shows how manganese can change steel performance.
Transition metal: An element whose atom or common ions have an incomplete d subshell. Manganese's d electrons underpin its magnetic, catalytic, and coordination chemistry.
Pyrolusite: A manganese dioxide mineral and one of the principal ores of manganese. This common ore is a key source for extracting manganese.
Manganese toxicity: Harmful effects on organisms from excessive manganese exposure or accumulation. The element is essential in small amounts but toxic when exposure becomes excessive.
Lithium manganese oxide: A manganese-based cathode material used in lithium-ion batteries. This cathode uses manganese to provide a battery option with useful power and cost characteristics.
Manganese(II): The +2 oxidation state of manganese, common in minerals, salts, and biological systems. This is manganese's most stable oxidation state in many aqueous and biological settings.

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