Mangonel

A medieval siege engine that hurled stones or other projectiles, powered by human traction or torsion. The name has been applied inconsistently to several types of throwing machine.

Traction trebuchet: A siege engine in which people pull ropes attached to a throwing arm to launch a projectile. Human pulling supplied the force in one major design historically called a mangonel.
Ballista: An ancient missile weapon that used tension or torsion to shoot bolts or stones along a relatively flat trajectory. Its direct, bolt-like shot contrasts with the mangonel's high-arc stone throws.
Onager (animal): A wild ass native to parts of Asia, known for powerful kicks. The weapon name is traditionally linked to the animal's forceful kick.
Siege of Stirling Castle: A 1304 English siege of Stirling Castle during the Wars of Scottish Independence. The siege is a well-documented example of projectile engines used against a major fortress.
Torsion siege engine: A projectile weapon powered by twisted cords or sinew that store elastic energy. Some machines called mangonels used twisted bundles to drive their throwing arms.
Onager (weapon): A Roman torsion-powered siege engine with a throwing arm that launched stones. The onager is a close ancient relative often associated with the mangonel's name.
Roman artillery: The projectile weapons and engineering systems used by the Roman military. Roman torsion artillery provides important precedents for later stone-throwing machines.
Siege warfare: Military operations that surround and attack fortified places to force their surrender. Mangonels were one tool within the larger practice of besieging defended settlements.
Trebuchet: A siege engine that launches projectiles by swinging a long arm, often powered by a falling counterweight. Its shared throwing-arm principle helps distinguish mangonels from other siege engines.
Siege engine: A machine designed to attack or defend fortified places during warfare. Mangonels belong to the broader family of machines used against fortifications.

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