Manne Siegbahn

Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn (1886–1978) was a Swedish physicist who developed precision methods in X-ray spectroscopy and received the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physics.

X-ray spectroscopy: The study of matter through its emission, absorption, or scattering of X-rays. Siegbahn’s prize recognized his systematic development of this field’s measurement methods.
Siegbahn notation: A historical system for naming characteristic X-ray emission lines with letters and subscripts. Siegbahn introduced this line-labeling scheme while organizing X-ray spectra.
Johannes Rydberg: A Swedish physicist known for the Rydberg formula describing spectral lines in hydrogen and other elements. Siegbahn succeeded Rydberg at Lund University and inherited a strong spectroscopy tradition.
X-rays: High-energy electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than ultraviolet light and longer than gamma rays. They are the radiation Siegbahn’s spectroscopy investigated.
Moseley’s law: An empirical relationship between an element’s atomic number and the square root of its characteristic X-ray frequency. Its atomic-number framework helped make precise X-ray spectra tools for identifying elements.
Crystal spectrometer: An instrument that separates X-ray wavelengths through diffraction by a crystal. Siegbahn used crystal spectrometers to measure X-ray wavelengths with high precision.
Kai Siegbahn: A Swedish physicist who shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics for contributions to electron spectroscopy. Manne Siegbahn’s son extended precision spectroscopy into a different technique.
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The German physicist who discovered X-rays in 1895. His discovery opened the experimental field Siegbahn later transformed through precision measurement.
X-ray fluorescence: The emission of characteristic secondary X-rays after a material absorbs energetic radiation. Characteristic fluorescence lines are measured using spectroscopic methods Siegbahn helped refine.
Bragg's law: The equation relating X-ray wavelength, crystal-plane spacing, and the angle of diffraction. It converts crystal diffraction angles into the wavelengths his measurements sought.

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