Mario García Menocal

Mario García Menocal was a Cuban politician and soldier who served as president of Cuba from 1913 to 1921. His presidencies coincided with the sugar boom and the 1917 Liberal revolt.

Cuban sugar boom: A period of rapid growth in Cuban sugar production and exports, especially during and after World War I. Rising sugar prices strengthened the economy during Menocal’s presidencies and intensified dependence on sugar.
José Miguel Gómez: A Cuban independence fighter and Liberal politician who served as president from 1909 to 1913. Gómez preceded Menocal and became his chief political rival in the 1917 revolt.
Cuban War of Independence: The 1895–1898 conflict in which Cuban forces fought to end Spanish colonial rule. Menocal’s military reputation began in the war that created the conditions for Cuban independence.
Cuban Liberal Party: A Cuban political party that opposed the Conservatives and contested power during the early republic. Its challenge to Menocal’s Conservative government culminated in the 1917 uprising.
Cuban Liberal Revolt of 1917: An armed uprising by Cuban Liberals against President Mario García Menocal’s government in 1917. Menocal’s response to the revolt helped secure his reelection and drew U.S. intervention.
Tomás Estrada Palma: Cuban independence leader and educator who served as the first president of the Cuban Republic. Estrada Palma’s administration established the presidency Menocal later held.
Cuban Liberation Army: The Cuban insurgent force that fought Spanish rule during the wars of independence. Menocal served as an officer in the army before entering national politics.
Cuban presidential election of 1916: The disputed election in which Menocal won a second term as president of Cuba. Allegations of fraud in this contest helped provoke the Liberal revolt.
Platt Amendment: A 1901 provision that authorized U.S. intervention in Cuba and constrained Cuban foreign and fiscal policy. Its intervention framework shaped the limits of Cuban sovereignty during Menocal’s presidency.
Cuban Conservative Party: A political party that supported Menocal and governed Cuba during his presidencies. The party was Menocal’s principal political base in elections and government.

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Ramón GrauCompared with: His earlier presidency offers a contrast with Grau’s post-revolutionary electoral era.