Market manipulation

Market manipulation is deliberate deceptive or abusive conduct intended to distort the price, volume, or trading of financial assets.

Wash trading: Trading in which a person or coordinated parties create the appearance of activity without a genuine change in beneficial ownership. It inflates apparent volume while disguising the absence of real investment demand.
Insider trading: Trading securities while possessing material nonpublic information in breach of a legal duty or other applicable rule. It may exploit unfair informational advantage without necessarily distorting market prices through deceptive trading.
Market surveillance: Monitoring trading activity to detect suspicious conduct, rule violations, and threats to market integrity. Surveillance systems search for order and trade patterns associated with manipulation.
Market integrity: The fairness, transparency, and reliability of financial markets and their trading processes. Manipulative conduct undermines the trust that prices and trading activity reflect genuine conditions.
Spoofing: Placing orders with the intention to cancel them before execution, creating a false impression of supply or demand. Large deceptive orders can move prices even when the manipulator never intends to trade.
Market making: Providing prices to buy and sell an asset while facilitating trading and managing inventory risk. Repeated quoting can resemble artificial activity, but genuine two-sided liquidity provision serves a different function.
Order book: A record of outstanding buy and sell orders for a financial instrument, typically organized by price. Order-book histories can reveal deceptive orders that appear and disappear around price moves.
Liquidity: The ability to trade an asset quickly without causing a substantial change in its price. Deception can make displayed liquidity unreliable and discourage genuine trading.
Layering: Placing multiple non-bona-fide orders at different price levels to create a misleading impression of market depth. It uses stacked orders to steer other traders before those orders are canceled.
Short selling: Selling borrowed securities or securities not currently owned, with the aim of repurchasing them later. A bearish trade is not manipulation merely because it pushes a price downward.

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