Martial law

Martial law is military control of civilian government or territory, usually imposed during war, rebellion, or a severe emergency. Its powers and legal limits vary by jurisdiction.

Civil-military relations: The distribution of authority and influence between civilian institutions and a country's armed forces. Martial law sharply shifts this balance by giving military authorities direct governing power.
Martial law in the Philippines: The period of military rule imposed by Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines from 1972 to 1981. Marcos's declaration illustrates how martial law can consolidate executive power and suppress opposition.
Roman dictatorship: An extraordinary office in the Roman Republic granting one magistrate temporary, concentrated authority during a crisis. This ancient emergency office offers a distant precedent for concentrating power to confront a perceived threat.
Military dictatorship: A political system in which military leaders control the national government. A dictatorship is a durable form of regime, whereas martial law is an emergency governing arrangement.
State of emergency: A legal status that grants governments exceptional powers during a serious threat or crisis. Emergency declarations can provide the legal basis for imposing martial law.
Martial law in Taiwan: The period of martial law imposed by the Republic of China government in Taiwan from 1949 to 1987. Taiwan's prolonged regime shows how emergency military rule can become a decades-long political order.
Posse comitatus: The principle and legal restrictions governing the use of military forces to enforce civilian law. It expresses the opposing tradition that armed forces should not ordinarily police civilians.
Civilian control of the military: The principle that elected civilian authorities direct and oversee a country's armed forces. This principle is reversed or weakened when military authorities assume civilian governing functions.
Habeas corpus: A legal procedure requiring authorities to justify a person's detention before a court. Suspending or restricting this safeguard can enable detention without ordinary judicial review.
Martial law in Poland: The military regime imposed in Poland by General Wojciech Jaruzelski from 1981 to 1983. The crackdown on Solidarity demonstrates martial law's use against organized domestic opposition.

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