Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos

A period of authoritarian rule in the Philippines, proclaimed by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972 and formally ended in 1981. It concentrated power in the presidency and suppressed political opposition.

Proclamation No. 1081: The 1972 presidential proclamation that placed the Philippines under martial law. It supplied the formal basis for Marcos’s declaration and rule by decree.
Ferdinand Marcos: The Philippine president who ruled from 1965 to 1986 and declared martial law in 1972. His decisions and continued presidency defined the period.
Benigno Aquino Jr.: A Philippine senator and opposition leader imprisoned after martial law was declared and assassinated in 1983. His imprisonment and later assassination galvanized opposition to Marcos.
People Power Revolution: The mostly peaceful 1986 uprising that ended Ferdinand Marcos’s presidency and restored democratic government. It brought the regime established during martial law to an end.
1935 Constitution of the Philippines: The Philippine constitution in force when Marcos became president, replaced by the 1973 Constitution. Its presidential system preceded the constitutional framework used under martial law.
1973 Philippine Constitution: The constitution adopted during martial law that replaced the 1935 charter and strengthened presidential authority. It gave institutional form to the political order Marcos established.
1971 Philippine constitutional convention: The convention tasked with drafting a new Philippine constitution, convened amid political conflict in 1971. Its deliberations shaped the constitutional transition Marcos used to consolidate authority.
Jose W. Diokno: A Philippine senator, human-rights advocate, and political prisoner under Marcos. He became a prominent legal and moral critic of authoritarian rule.
Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.: The 1983 killing of opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. at Manila International Airport. The assassination intensified public opposition and weakened Marcos’s legitimacy.
1987 Constitution of the Philippines: The Philippine constitution adopted after the People Power Revolution, restoring democratic institutions and adding safeguards against dictatorship. It responded directly to abuses and concentrations of power under Marcos.

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