Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik

Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik was an Umayyad prince and military commander who led campaigns against the Byzantine Empire and the Khazars in the early eighth century.

Siege of Constantinople (717–718): An Umayyad siege of the Byzantine capital from 717 to 718 that ended in a major Byzantine defensive victory. Maslama commanded the land forces in the campaign that became his most famous military undertaking.
Caucasus: A mountainous region between the Black and Caspian seas that forms a bridge between eastern Europe and western Asia. Its passes and lowlands shaped the routes of Maslama’s campaigns against the Khazars.
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan: An Umayyad caliph who ruled from 685 to 705 and consolidated the dynasty’s authority. Maslama was born into the ruling house established by Abd al-Malik.
Leo III the Isaurian: A Byzantine emperor who ruled from 717 to 741 and defended Constantinople during the Umayyad siege of 717–718. Leo’s defense of the capital defeated the campaign Maslama commanded.
Battle of Akroinon: A major Byzantine victory over an Arab army in Phrygia in 740. It marked a later reversal in the Anatolian frontier wars Maslama had helped prosecute.
Anatolian frontier: The shifting military boundary between the Byzantine Empire and Muslim states across Anatolia during the medieval period. This frontier was the main theater of Maslama’s campaigns against Byzantine forces.
Al-Walid I: An Umayyad caliph who ruled from 705 to 715 during a period of major territorial expansion. Maslama’s early prominence developed under the reign of his brother al-Walid.
Tervel of Bulgaria: A ruler of Bulgaria who aided the Byzantine defense of Constantinople against the Umayyad siege. Tervel’s intervention added a Balkan front to Maslama’s failed siege.
Arab–Khazar wars: A series of conflicts between the Umayyad Caliphate and the Khazar Khaganate, chiefly across the Caucasus, during the seventh and eighth centuries. Maslama led Umayyad expeditions against the Khazars as well as against Byzantium.
Umayyad army: The military forces maintained by the Umayyad Caliphate, including Arab tribal troops and other contingents. Maslama’s command operated within the caliphate’s system of provincial armies and expeditionary forces.

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