Knowra Mastery learning Mastery learning Mastery learning is an instructional approach in which learners receive time and support to meet defined standards before advancing. Progress depends on demonstrated achievement rather than fixed time spent.
Formative assessment : Assessment used during instruction to identify learning progress and guide next steps. Frequent checks reveal which objectives need correction or further practice.
John B. Carroll : An American educational psychologist known for a model explaining school learning through time and learning rate. His model proposed that achievement differences often reflect time allowed and needed.
Personalized learning : Instruction tailored to learners’ needs, interests, or progress through adjustments in pace, content, or support. Mastery-based pacing is one way to personalize the rate of instruction.
Time-based education : An educational structure in which learners advance according to a shared schedule or fixed duration. Mastery learning varies time to reach standards instead of fixing time for everyone.
Bloom's 2 sigma problem : Benjamin Bloom’s finding that students receiving one-to-one tutoring with mastery learning outperformed conventional classroom students by about two standard deviations. The result inspired efforts to reproduce tutoring gains through scalable classroom methods.
Criterion-referenced test : A test that interprets performance against specified learning standards rather than other test takers. Mastery is judged against fixed criteria, not classmates’ scores.
Benjamin Bloom : An American educational psychologist who developed influential frameworks for educational objectives and mastery learning. Bloom turned time-based learning theory into a systematic instructional model.
Keller Plan : A self-paced instructional system using written units, mastery tests, and tutoring, developed by Fred Keller and colleagues. The plan applies mastery principles to university courses through self-paced units.
Traditional grading system : A system that summarizes academic performance with marks such as letters, percentages, or grade points. Conventional grades may rank or average performance rather than certify each objective’s mastery.
Learning retention : The persistence of learned knowledge or skills over time. Mastery checks can verify immediate performance, while later reviews test whether learning lasts.
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