Materialism

Materialism is the philosophical view that reality is fundamentally physical. It holds that mental life and other phenomena depend on, or arise from, physical reality.

Physicalism: The view that everything is physical or depends on the physical. This contemporary label often covers positions historically called materialism.
Idealism: The philosophical view that reality is fundamentally mental or constituted by mind-dependent experience. It reverses materialism's priority, treating mind rather than matter as fundamental.
Leucippus: An ancient Greek philosopher traditionally credited with founding atomism. His atomist tradition supplied an early account of reality in terms of matter and motion.
Physicalism about the mind: The position that mental phenomena are wholly physical or depend entirely on physical facts. It applies materialism specifically to consciousness, thought, and mental states.
Hard problem of consciousness: The problem of explaining why physical processes are accompanied by subjective experience. It asks whether material explanations can account for the felt character of consciousness.
Mind–body problem: The philosophical problem of explaining how mental phenomena relate to bodies and physical processes. Materialism answers this problem by grounding mental life in physical reality.
Dualism: The view that reality includes two fundamentally different kinds of substance or property, often mental and physical. It rejects the claim that all reality is fundamentally physical.
Democritus: An ancient Greek philosopher who developed atomism, explaining reality through atoms and void. His theory became a foundational ancient form of materialist thought.
Scientific realism: The view that successful scientific theories describe a mind-independent world, including unobservable entities. Materialism often draws on science's account of physical entities beyond everyday observation.
Qualia: The subjective qualities of conscious experience, such as the felt character of pain or color. Their first-person character challenges accounts stated only in physical terms.

Linked from 28 pages