Maurice Ewing

Maurice Ewing (1906–1974) was an American geophysicist who advanced seismology and oceanography, helped establish marine geophysics, and founded Columbia University's Lamont Geological Observatory.

Lamont Geological Observatory: A Columbia University research center founded in 1949 for geological and geophysical study of the Earth. Ewing founded this observatory, now known as Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
Seismology: The scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through Earth. Ewing applied seismic methods to the ocean floor as well as earthquakes and Earth's interior.
Bruce C. Heezen: An American marine geologist who studied the seafloor and helped map the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Heezen worked with Ewing at Lamont on seafloor mapping and the geology of ocean basins.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge: A submarine mountain range running through the Atlantic Ocean, where tectonic plates move apart. Lamont mapping associated with Ewing and Heezen helped establish the ridge's scale and topography.
Marine geophysics: The study of Earth's physical properties and processes using measurements made at sea. Ewing helped make systematic geophysical investigation of the oceans a research field.
Sound transmission in the ocean: The propagation of acoustic waves through seawater, shaped by temperature, pressure, and salinity. Ewing investigated how sound travels through the sea, including the deep sound channel.
Marie Tharp: An American geologist and oceanographic cartographer whose maps revealed the detailed topography of the ocean floor. Tharp and Ewing's Lamont team used seismic data to build influential maps of the seafloor.
Glomar Challenger: A deep-sea drilling vessel built for the Deep Sea Drilling Project and launched in 1968. Ewing's oceanographic program helped lay the groundwork for the drilling vessel's scientific mission.
Deep Sea Drilling Project: An international scientific program that drilled into ocean-floor sediments and crust beginning in 1968. Lamont scientists and Ewing's research program helped establish ocean drilling as a way to investigate seafloor history.
SOFAR channel: A deep ocean layer in which sound can travel unusually long distances because sound speed reaches a minimum. Ewing helped identify this channel, which explained long-range underwater sound transmission.

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