Maximilian I of Mexico

Maximilian I was an Austrian archduke installed as Emperor of Mexico in 1864 with French military support. Mexican republican forces captured and executed him in 1867.

Second French Intervention in Mexico: A French invasion and occupation of Mexico from 1862 to 1867, aimed at establishing a monarchy under French influence. French forces made Maximilian’s accession possible and sustained his government.
French Army in Mexico: The French expeditionary force that occupied parts of Mexico and supported Maximilian’s empire. Its protection held the imperial government together until France withdrew its troops.
Carlota of Mexico: Belgian princess and empress consort of Mexico who ruled as regent during Maximilian’s absence in 1866. She sought European support for the empire before her husband’s capture.
Second Mexican Empire: The Mexican monarchy ruled by Maximilian I from 1864 until its defeat in 1867. It was the political regime Maximilian headed, distinct from his personal reign and title.
Execution of Maximilian I: The execution by firing squad of Maximilian I and two Mexican generals at Querétaro on June 19, 1867. His death made the empire’s defeat final and drew international attention.
Mexican conservative movement: A nineteenth-century Mexican political movement that favored centralized government, traditional social hierarchies, and strong ties to the Catholic Church. Mexican conservatives invited a European monarch to replace the republic.
Mexican Republican Army: The military forces that defended the Mexican republic against the French-backed empire. Republican armies steadily contested imperial control and ultimately captured Maximilian.
Benito Juárez: Mexican liberal statesman and president who led the republic opposing Maximilian’s empire. Juárez maintained the republican government and rejected the foreign-backed monarchy’s legitimacy.
Mexican Republic: The republican state established after Mexico’s independence and restored after the fall of Maximilian’s empire. It rejected the monarchy and remained the competing government throughout Maximilian’s reign.
Restoration of the Mexican Republic: The reestablishment of republican government in Mexico after the defeat of Maximilian’s empire in 1867. Juárez’s government returned to power after the imperial forces surrendered.

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