Media framing

Media framing is the selection and presentation of information that makes some aspects of an issue more prominent and encourages particular interpretations.

Framing effects: Changes in judgment or interpretation caused by how information is presented. This names the audience-level effects that media frames can produce.
Frame analysis: The study of how communication organizes information into interpretive patterns. It provides methods for identifying the organizing ideas in media accounts.
Erving Goffman: A Canadian-American sociologist whose work developed the concept of frames as organizing principles of experience. His account of interpretive frames helped establish the concept later applied to communication.
Episodic and thematic framing: A distinction between coverage centered on individual cases and coverage that explains broader social conditions. This influential contrast shows how a story’s scope can shift perceived responsibility.
Agenda-setting theory: The theory that media influence which issues people regard as important by giving them unequal attention. Issue prominence often works alongside framing, though it concerns what matters more than how it is understood.
Framing (social sciences): The broader process of selecting and emphasizing aspects of reality to guide interpretation. Media framing is a communication-specific form of this wider process.
Robert M. Entman: An American political communication scholar known for a prominent definition of framing and its functions. His formulation explains how media frames define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgments, and suggest remedies.
War on Terror: The United States-led political and military campaign launched after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Its language and recurring security frames shaped public understanding of post-attack policies.
Priming (media): The process by which media emphasis makes particular considerations more accessible when people evaluate an issue or public figure. Repeated emphasis can supply the standards audiences use to judge the framed subject.
Rhetoric: The study and practice of using language and other symbols to persuade or shape understanding. Rhetorical choices such as metaphor and evaluative wording help construct media frames.

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