Medical science

Medical science applies systematic observation, experimentation, and evidence to understand health and disease and to improve diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Pathophysiology: The study of the functional changes associated with disease or injury. It explains how disease alters normal bodily function.
Anatomy: The study of the structures of organisms and their parts. Anatomy provides the structural map used to locate disease and guide procedures.
Preventive medicine: The branch of medicine focused on preventing disease and promoting health. It turns evidence about risk into measures that avert illness.
Traditional medicine: Health practices and knowledge systems developed within particular cultural traditions. Its knowledge may arise through traditions rather than modern experimental methods.
Germ theory of disease: The theory that many diseases are caused by microorganisms that invade or affect the body. It redirected disease prevention toward infection control and microbial causes.
Clinical trial: A planned study in which people receive one or more health interventions under a protocol. Trials test whether treatments benefit patients and reveal harms.
Physiology: The study of how living organisms and their parts function. Normal function offers a baseline for identifying disease-related changes.
Precision medicine: An approach that tailors prevention or treatment to individual characteristics, including biology and environment. It applies research on variation to choose more suitable care.
Pseudoscience: Claims presented as scientific despite failing to follow reliable scientific methods. It shows why testable claims and reproducible evidence matter in medicine.
Smallpox eradication: The global elimination of naturally occurring smallpox through coordinated vaccination and surveillance. It demonstrates how medical evidence and public-health action can eliminate a disease.

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Health sciencesCompared with: It overlaps with health sciences but focuses more narrowly on medical questions.