Menopause

Menopause is the permanent end of menstruation and natural reproductive fertility, diagnosed after 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period. It usually results from age-related depletion of ovarian follicles.

Ovarian follicle: A structure in the ovary that contains a developing egg and produces reproductive hormones. The gradual depletion of these follicles drives the natural transition to menopause.
Menstrual cycle: The recurring hormonal and physical changes that prepare the reproductive system for a possible pregnancy. Menopause is defined by the permanent cessation of these cycles.
Menopausal hormone therapy: Treatment using estrogen, with a progestogen when needed, to relieve menopausal symptoms and address selected health risks. It is the most effective treatment for bothersome vasomotor symptoms for many eligible people.
Natural menopause: Menopause that occurs spontaneously as ovarian function declines, rather than from medical treatment or surgery. This is the usual form defined by twelve months without menstruation.
Reproductive aging: The age-related decline in reproductive function and fertility. Menopause is a distinct milestone within this broader biological process.
Estradiol: The most potent estrogen produced by the ovaries during the reproductive years. Its decline contributes to menstrual changes and many menopausal symptoms.
Amenorrhea: The absence of menstrual bleeding during the reproductive years. Twelve months of amenorrhea, after other causes are considered, establishes natural menopause retrospectively.
Vasomotor symptoms: Episodes of hot flashes and night sweats associated with changes in temperature regulation. These symptoms are a common reason to seek menopause care.
Surgical menopause: Abrupt menopause caused by removal of both ovaries before natural menopause. Unlike natural menopause, it can begin suddenly after an operation.
Fertility: The biological capacity to conceive and produce offspring. The end of natural reproductive fertility is part of menopause's definition.

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