Knowra Metallurgy Metallurgy Metallurgy is the science and technology of extracting metals from ores and shaping, processing, and studying metals and alloys. It connects metal production to control of composition, structure, and properties.
Ore dressing : Ore dressing separates valuable minerals from waste rock through physical processes such as crushing, grinding, and concentration. It prepares mined material for economical metal extraction.
Alloy : An alloy is a material containing a metal and one or more additional elements, made to alter its properties. Most engineering metals are alloys rather than chemically pure elements.
Steelmaking : Steelmaking produces steel by refining iron and controlling its carbon content and other alloying elements. It is a major industrial application of extraction, refining, and composition control.
Copper Age : The Copper Age is a prehistoric period marked by the use of native copper and early copper working. Early metalworking began with accessible copper before complex ore reduction became widespread.
Hydrometallurgy : Hydrometallurgy extracts and recovers metals through aqueous chemical solutions. It uses liquid-phase reactions where high-temperature smelting may be unsuitable.
Smelting : Smelting extracts a metal from its ore by heating it with a reducing agent, often in a furnace. It is a major high-temperature route from concentrated ore to crude metal.
Metallic bond : A metallic bond is cohesion between metal atoms mediated by delocalized valence electrons. This bonding model helps explain metals’ conductivity, cohesion, and ability to deform.
Aluminium smelting : Aluminium smelting produces aluminium metal by electrolyzing alumina dissolved in molten cryolite. This energy-intensive process demonstrates why reactive metals require specialized extraction.
Bronze Age : The Bronze Age is a period when bronze became a major material for tools, weapons, and objects. Bronze production required controlled alloying and expanded the technical reach of metalworking.
Pyrometallurgy : Pyrometallurgy extracts and refines metals through high-temperature processes such as roasting and smelting. It contrasts with solution-based routes by using heat as the primary process medium.
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