Methods in magnetism

Methods in magnetism are experimental and analytical techniques for producing, measuring, and explaining magnetic fields, materials, and phenomena.

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Hall effect: The generation of a transverse voltage across a current-carrying conductor or semiconductor in a magnetic field. Hall probes convert this voltage into a practical measurement of magnetic field.
Faraday effect: The rotation of a light wave’s polarization as it travels through a material in a magnetic field. Optical field sensors use this rotation to measure magnetic fields.
Electromagnet: A magnet whose magnetic field is produced by electric current, usually in a coil around a magnetic core. Laboratory measurements use electromagnets to set and vary applied fields.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: A spectroscopy method that uses nuclear spin transitions to determine molecular structure and chemical environments. Unlike magnetometry, it primarily extracts chemical information from resonance frequencies.
Vibrating-sample magnetometry: A technique that measures a sample’s magnetic moment by detecting the voltage induced as it vibrates in a magnetic field. It provides quantitative magnetization curves for bulk magnetic materials.
Magnetic susceptibility: A measure of how much a material becomes magnetized in response to an applied magnetic field. Many magnetic measurements infer material response from this quantity.
Helmholtz coil: A pair of identical coaxial coils separated by their radius, producing a nearly uniform magnetic field between them. It supplies a calibrated, relatively uniform field for sensor tests and experiments.
Electron paramagnetic resonance: A spectroscopy technique that detects transitions between electron spin states in a magnetic field. It targets unpaired electron environments rather than directly mapping a sample’s magnetization.
Magnetic force microscopy: A scanning-probe technique that maps magnetic forces by measuring their effect on a sharp tip above a surface. It images magnetic domains with nanoscale spatial resolution.
Magnetic hysteresis: The dependence of a material’s magnetization on its magnetic history, often producing a loop as field is cycled. Field-sweep measurements expose remanence, coercivity, and irreversible magnetization.