Mexican agrarian reform

Mexican agrarian reform is the redistribution and reorganization of land through state policies, especially the breakup of large estates and creation of communal ejidos.

Ejido: A form of communal landholding in Mexico, with rights assigned to communities and their members. Ejidos became the principal institution through which postrevolutionary governments distributed and administered land.
Porfiriato: The period of Porfirio Díaz’s rule in Mexico, from 1876 to 1911, marked by political centralization and rapid economic change. Land concentration and the loss of village holdings under Díaz sharpened demands for redistribution.
Lázaro Cárdenas: President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940, known for extensive land redistribution and nationalization policies. His administration carried out one of the largest waves of agrarian redistribution.
Mexican ejido reform of 1992: A constitutional and legal change that ended routine new ejido distributions and enabled greater transfer of certified ejido rights. It reversed the expectation that land redistribution would continue indefinitely.
Land reform in Bolivia: A set of Bolivian policies, especially the 1953 reform, that redistributed land and dismantled large estates. Bolivia offers a Latin American comparison with a later, distinct revolutionary land redistribution.
Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution: A constitutional provision defining the nation’s authority over land and natural resources and establishing grounds for land redistribution. Its rules supplied the legal basis for expropriating estates and recognizing communal land claims.
Mexican Revolution: An armed conflict and political transformation that began in 1910 and ended the long rule of Porfirio Díaz. Revolutionary factions made land reform a central issue, though they disagreed about its scope and form.
Porfirio Díaz: Mexican military and political leader who governed for most of the period from 1876 to 1911. Policies during his rule accelerated land concentration and helped provoke agrarian demands.
Mexican agricultural crisis of the 1960s: A period of slowing agricultural growth and rising pressure on Mexico’s food production during the 1960s. The limits of small-scale production and uneven investment challenged the reform’s economic record.
Land reform in Cuba: Cuban policies after 1959 that expropriated large estates and reorganized agricultural ownership and production. Cuba’s more centralized model contrasts with Mexico’s long reliance on communal ejidos.

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