Mexican Revolution

An armed struggle beginning in 1910 against Porfirio Díaz’s dictatorship that toppled his regime and reshaped Mexico’s political system, land ownership, and constitution.

Plan of San Luis Potosí: Francisco I. Madero’s 1910 manifesto called for revolt against Díaz and declared the presidential election fraudulent. Its call to arms launched the uprising against Díaz.
Francisco I. Madero: A Mexican reformist politician whose challenge to Díaz helped begin the 1910 revolution and whose presidency lasted from 1911 to 1913. His opposition to Díaz set the revolution in motion, but his government failed to satisfy many insurgents.
Porfiriato: The period of Porfirio Díaz’s political dominance in Mexico, generally dated from 1876 to 1911. Its authoritarian stability and concentrated wealth formed the setting for revolutionary opposition.
Mexican Agrarian Reform: The redistribution of land in Mexico through state policies, especially the division of estates into communal and smallholder holdings. The revolution’s land demands eventually produced large-scale redistribution.
Plan of Ayala: Emiliano Zapata’s 1911 program rejecting Madero and demanding land restitution and redistribution. It challenged Madero’s moderate settlement with a radical agrarian alternative.
Mexican Federal Army: Mexico’s national military force under the Porfirian and revolutionary governments. Its collapse after defeats by revolutionary forces weakened Díaz’s hold on power.
Porfirio Díaz: Mexico’s long-serving president and military ruler, whose authoritarian regime lasted from 1876 to 1911, with interruptions. Opposition to his dictatorship triggered the revolution.
Plan of Tuxtepec: A 1876 political program led by Porfirio Díaz that opposed presidential reelection and helped bring him to power. Díaz’s rise through an anti-reelection revolt contrasts with his later entrenchment in office.
Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution: A constitutional provision asserting national authority over land and subsoil resources and enabling agrarian redistribution. It gave legal force to claims over land and natural resources central to revolutionary politics.
Convention of Aguascalientes: A 1914 assembly of revolutionary factions that attempted to establish a unified government after Huerta’s defeat. Its failure to reconcile Villa, Zapata, and Carranza exposed the revolution’s internal divisions.

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