Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was a Mexican Catholic priest whose 1810 call to revolt at Dolores launched Mexico’s war of independence from Spain.

Grito de Dolores: The call to revolt issued by Miguel Hidalgo at Dolores on 16 September 1810. Hidalgo’s call transformed local unrest into an open insurgency.
Dolores Hidalgo: A town in central Mexico where Hidalgo began his revolt in September 1810. Its parish church and public square became the setting of his uprising’s launch.
Ignacio Allende: A New Spanish military officer and independence insurgent who joined Hidalgo’s 1810 rebellion. Allende became a leading commander and sometimes clashed with Hidalgo over strategy.
Execution of Miguel Hidalgo: The 1811 execution of Miguel Hidalgo by Spanish authorities in Chihuahua. His death ended his leadership but did not extinguish the independence rebellion.
New Spain: The Spanish colonial viceroyalty that governed much of North America from 1535 to 1821. Hidalgo lived and organized his revolt within this colonial government.
Siege of Guanajuato: A September 1810 battle in which insurgents captured Guanajuato’s Alhóndiga de Granaditas. The victory showed how quickly Hidalgo’s popular army could seize a major city.
Juan Aldama: A New Spanish officer who participated in the independence conspiracy and Hidalgo’s uprising. Aldama helped spread the revolt and was captured alongside Hidalgo.
Mexican Declaration of Independence: The 1821 declaration that established Mexico as an independent nation after Spanish rule. It fulfilled the cause Hidalgo had initiated, a decade after his execution.
Peninsular War: The 1808–1814 conflict in which Spain resisted French occupation and rule under Napoleon. The crisis in Spain weakened colonial authority when Hidalgo’s revolt began.
Battle of Calderón Bridge: A January 1811 battle in which royalist forces defeated Hidalgo’s insurgent army near Guadalajara. Its defeat ended Hidalgo’s command of the main insurgent force.

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