Miscibility

Miscibility is the ability of two substances, especially liquids, to mix in all proportions and form a single homogeneous phase. It differs from solubility limited to particular proportions.

Gibbs free energy of mixing: The change in Gibbs free energy when substances mix at fixed temperature and pressure. Its composition dependence determines whether mixing or separation is thermodynamically favored.
Homogeneous mixture: A mixture with uniform composition and properties throughout a single phase. Miscible substances form this kind of mixture at every composition.
Liquid–liquid extraction: A separation method that transfers a dissolved substance between two liquid phases. Immiscible solvents create the separate phases needed to extract a target compound.
Immiscibility: The inability of substances to mix into one homogeneous phase over at least part of their composition range. It is the direct opposite of complete miscibility.
Chemical potential: The change in a system's free energy when the amount of a component changes. Equality of component chemical potentials across phases governs liquid–liquid equilibrium.
Solution: A homogeneous mixture in which one or more substances are dispersed at molecular or ionic scale. Miscibility describes whether two components can form a solution across all proportions.
Cosolvent: A solvent added to another solvent to alter the mixture's ability to dissolve a substance. Cosolvents can change solvent polarity and make otherwise incompatible liquids mix.
Partial miscibility: The ability of two substances to mix in some proportions but separate into phases in others. It distinguishes complete miscibility from systems with a finite composition range of mixing.
Flory–Huggins solution theory: A lattice-based model of polymer mixtures that balances entropy of mixing against interaction energies. It explains why polymer solutions can separate despite favorable mixing entropy.
Solubility: The maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in another under specified conditions. Solubility may be limited, whereas miscibility requires mixing in every proportion.

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