Mohammad Najibullah

Mohammad Najibullah was an Afghan politician who served as president from 1987 to 1992. He led Afghanistan through the final years of Soviet-backed rule and remained in Kabul after his government fell.

National Reconciliation Policy: A policy Najibullah announced in 1987 to broaden political participation and seek an end to Afghanistan’s civil war. It was the central political strategy of his presidency for building support beyond the ruling party.
People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan: An Afghan communist party that ruled the country from 1978 until the mujahideen takeover in 1992. Najibullah rose through this party and led it during its final years in power.
Hamid Karzai: An Afghan politician who served as president from 2004 to 2014 after the fall of the Taliban government. Karzai later described Najibullah as a patriotic leader, reflecting changing Afghan assessments of his legacy.
Afghan Civil War (1992–1996): A conflict among Afghan factions that followed the fall of Najibullah’s government and preceded Taliban rule. The rival factions that took Kabul after his departure soon fought one another for control.
Soviet–Afghan War: A war from 1979 to 1989 between Soviet and Afghan government forces and insurgent groups supported by foreign states. The war shaped Najibullah’s government and ended with Soviet troop withdrawal during his presidency.
Saur Revolution: The April 1978 coup in Afghanistan that brought the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan to power. The coup created the political order Najibullah later inherited.
Ahmad Shah Massoud: An Afghan military and political leader who commanded resistance forces against Soviet and Taliban rule. Massoud’s forces entered Kabul in 1992 as Najibullah’s government collapsed.
Fall of Kabul (1992): The mujahideen takeover of Kabul in April 1992 that ended the communist government in Afghanistan. Najibullah’s attempt to leave the country failed as his government disintegrated and Kabul changed hands.
Geneva Accords: The 1988 agreements that set a timetable for Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and established principles for noninterference. Their implementation brought Soviet forces out while leaving Najibullah’s government to fight on.
Hafizullah Amin: An Afghan communist leader who ruled from September to December 1979 before Soviet forces removed and killed him. His overthrow preceded the Soviet-backed leadership changes that eventually brought Najibullah to power.

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