Mongol conquest of Central Asia

The Mongol campaigns of the early thirteenth century that defeated Khwarazmian rule and brought much of Central Asia into the Mongol Empire.

Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire: The Mongol campaign of 1219–1221 that destroyed the Khwarazmian Empire across Central Asia and Iran. This campaign was the conquest’s central military operation.
Chinggis Khan: The founder and first great khan of the Mongol Empire, who led its expansion across Eurasia. He ordered and directed the invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire.
Mongol Empire: The Eurasian empire founded by Chinggis Khan in the early thirteenth century and expanded by his successors. The conquest added Central Asian territories to this expanding empire.
Chagatai Khanate: A Mongol successor state that ruled much of Central Asia after the division of the Mongol Empire. It later governed many territories taken during the conquest.
Otrar Incident: The 1218 seizure of a Mongol-led trade caravan at Otrar, followed by the execution of its members on Khwarazmian orders. The incident gave Chinggis Khan a direct grievance before the invasion.
Jebe: A Mongol general who served Chinggis Khan in campaigns across Asia. He pursued the Khwarazmian ruler Muhammad II after the invasion.
Khwarazmian Empire: A medieval empire centered in Central Asia and Iran that reached its height under Muhammad II. This was the principal state the Mongols defeated in the region.
Mongol invasion of Persia: The thirteenth-century Mongol campaigns that brought much of Iran under Mongol rule. The Central Asian invasion continued into the neighboring lands of the Khwarazmian Empire.
Siege of Otrar: The Mongol siege of Otrar, a major Khwarazmian frontier city, during the 1219–1220 invasion. Its prolonged resistance shows how the Mongols reduced fortified cities.
Subutai: A Mongol general who commanded major campaigns across Eurasia under Chinggis Khan and his successors. His operations formed part of the wider Mongol campaign beyond Central Asia.

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