Mongol invasions of Anatolia

The thirteenth-century Mongol expansion into Anatolia culminated in the defeat of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum at Köse Dağ in 1243 and its subordination to Mongol rule.

Battle of Köse Dağ: A 1243 battle in which Mongol forces defeated the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in eastern Anatolia. The decisive defeat opened Anatolia to Mongol political control.
Genghis Khan: The founder and first great khan of the Mongol Empire, who united Mongol tribes and began its conquests. His campaigns created the imperial power that later reached Anatolia.
Ilkhanate: A Mongol khanate established in Iran and neighboring lands in the mid-thirteenth century by Hulegu. The Ilkhanate became the principal Mongol power governing Anatolia and its eastern neighbors.
Byzantine–Seljuk wars: A series of conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuk powers over Anatolia from the eleventh century onward. These wars contested territory between neighboring states, unlike Mongol imperial subordination.
Baiju: A Mongol commander who led campaigns in the western regions of the Mongol Empire during the mid-thirteenth century. His forces defeated the Seljuks at Köse Dağ and pressed Mongol authority westward.
Mongol invasion of Persia: The Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire and neighboring Persian lands beginning in 1219. Control of Persia provided the base for Mongol pressure on Anatolia.
Mongol governors in Anatolia: Mongol officials who supervised taxation and political affairs in Anatolian territories subject to the Ilkhanate. Their administration made Mongol supremacy tangible beyond the battlefield.
Crusades: A series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns, chiefly between Latin Christians and Muslim powers, beginning in the late eleventh century. Crusader campaigns crossed Anatolia but pursued different aims and political arrangements.
Seljuk Sultanate of Rum: A medieval Turkic state centered in Anatolia, ruled by the Seljuk dynasty from the late eleventh to the early fourteenth century. Its military defeat turned a regional power into a Mongol tributary.
Khwarazmian Empire: A Central Asian and Persian empire conquered by the Mongols in the early thirteenth century. Its destruction brought Mongol armies into territories bordering Anatolia.

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