Mongol invasions of India

A series of Mongol incursions into the Indian subcontinent from the early 13th to the 14th century, resisted chiefly by the Delhi Sultanate.

Delhi Sultanate: A Muslim-ruled state in northern India, established in 1206 and lasting until 1526. Its rulers organized the principal military and political resistance to Mongol incursions.
Genghis Khan: The founder of the Mongol Empire, who ruled from 1206 until his death in 1227. His pursuit of the Khwarazmian ruler Jalal al-Din brought Mongol forces to the Indus in 1221.
Siri Fort: A fortified city built near Delhi by Alauddin Khalji in the early 14th century. Its construction formed part of the capital’s response to the Mongol siege of 1303.
Mongol conquest of Khwarazmia: The Mongol destruction of the Khwarazmian Empire in the early 13th century. Unlike their partial incursions into India, the Mongols dismantled this neighboring empire.
Mongol Empire: A Eurasian empire founded by Genghis Khan in the early 13th century and expanded by his successors. The invasions were a western frontier campaign of this empire and its successor states.
Jalal al-Din Mingburnu: The last major ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire, who fled east after the Mongol conquest of its heartlands. His escape across the Indus drew Genghis Khan’s army to the edge of the Indian subcontinent.
Delhi Sultanate military reforms: Changes to the Sultanate’s army, command, and supply systems under rulers such as Alauddin Khalji. Repeated Mongol threats encouraged a larger, more closely managed standing army.
Mongol invasion of Japan: Two failed Mongol-led invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281. Both campaigns ended without conquest, but Japan’s island geography shaped its defense differently.
Multan: A historic city in present-day Pakistan, situated near the routes connecting the Indus region with northern India. Its exposed frontier position made it a recurring target and staging point in the conflicts.
Battle of the Indus: The 1221 battle in which Genghis Khan defeated Jalal al-Din Mingburnu near the Indus River. It marked the earliest major Mongol military encounter on India’s northwestern frontier.

Linked from 5 pages