Mongol invasions of Syria

A series of Mongol campaigns into Syria, including the capture of Aleppo and Damascus in 1260 and incursions that continued through 1303.

Battle of Ain Jalut: A 1260 battle in Palestine in which the Mamluk army defeated a Mongol force. The battle halted the Mongol advance after their forces had taken Aleppo and Damascus.
Siege of Baghdad (1258): The Mongol siege that captured and devastated Baghdad in 1258. Baghdad’s fall preceded the advance of Mongol forces into Syria.
Qutuz: A Mamluk sultan of Egypt who led the army that defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260. He organized the Mamluk resistance that stopped the first invasion.
Siege of Aleppo (1260): The Mongol siege and capture of Aleppo in January 1260. It marked the first major Syrian city taken during Hulagu’s invasion.
Mamluk–Ilkhanid War: A prolonged conflict between the Mamluk Sultanate and the Ilkhanate from the mid-thirteenth to early fourteenth century. The Syrian invasions formed its central theater and recurring military pattern.
Kitbuqa: A Nestorian Christian Mongol general who commanded the Mongol force at Ain Jalut. His defeat and capture at Ain Jalut ended the first Mongol occupation of Damascus.
Möngke Khan: The fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, who ruled from 1251 until 1259. His western campaigns set the expansion in motion before his death disrupted Mongol command.
Baybars: A Mamluk commander and sultan who fought the Mongols and ruled Egypt and Syria from 1260 to 1277. He continued the struggle against Mongol incursions after Ain Jalut.
Siege of Damascus (1260): The Mongol capture of Damascus in March 1260, followed by its surrender to the Mamluks after Ain Jalut. The city’s brief occupation revealed how quickly Mongol control could collapse.
Mamluk Sultanate: A medieval Muslim state based in Egypt and Syria, ruled by a military elite of mamluks. Mamluk victories preserved its control of Syria and strengthened its standing in the Islamic world.

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Mongol invasions of the LevantBroader topic: These incursions formed the main military episodes of the wider Levantine conflict.