Mongol invasions of Vietnam

Three campaigns against Đại Việt in 1258, 1285, and 1287–1288, led by Mongol forces and ultimately repelled by Vietnamese resistance.

Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288): A 1288 river battle in which Đại Việt forces destroyed a Yuan fleet using concealed stakes and tidal timing. Its victory ended the third campaign and echoed an earlier Vietnamese defense of the river.
Kublai Khan: The Mongol ruler who founded the Yuan dynasty and directed its expansion into East and Southeast Asia. He sought Đại Việt’s submission and ordered the later campaigns.
Trần Thái Tông: The first emperor of the Trần dynasty, who ruled Đại Việt from 1225 to 1258. He led Đại Việt during the first invasion and helped repel the Mongol force.
Mongol invasions of Japan: Two failed Yuan-led attempts to invade Japan in 1274 and 1281. Like the Vietnamese campaigns, these invasions exposed limits on Yuan military expansion.
Trần Hưng Đạo: A Vietnamese prince and commander who led Đại Việt’s resistance to the Yuan invasions. His command helped coordinate retreats, counterattacks, and the decisive 1288 victory.
Đại Việt: A Vietnamese kingdom that existed from the tenth century until the early nineteenth century. It was the polity targeted by all three invasions.
Trần Nhân Tông: A Trần dynasty emperor who ruled Đại Việt during the invasions of 1285 and 1287–1288. His leadership and political resolve sustained resistance during the later campaigns.
Mongol invasions of Burma: Mongol-led campaigns that contributed to the fall of the Pagan Kingdom in the thirteenth century. The outcome contrasts with Đại Việt, where sustained resistance prevented conquest.
Scorched-earth tactics: A strategy of destroying or removing resources that an advancing enemy could use. Vietnamese forces denied invaders food and supplies while preserving their own capacity to return.
Trần dynasty: A Vietnamese ruling dynasty that governed Đại Việt from 1225 to 1400. The dynasty’s rulers organized resistance across the three campaigns.

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