Mongolian script

Mongolian script is a vertical writing system whose letters connect within words and whose columns run from top to bottom, left to right. It has been used to write Mongolian and several other languages.

Mongolian alphabet: The traditional set of letters used to write Mongolian in the Mongolian script. Its letters change form according to their position within a word.
Old Uyghur alphabet: A historical alphabet used by Uyghur communities and adapted by Mongols for their writing system. Mongolian script developed from this alphabet through adaptation to Mongolian speech.
Mongolian language: A Mongolic language spoken mainly in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia. The script’s principal modern use is writing Mongolian.
Vertical writing: A text layout in which lines or columns run vertically rather than horizontally. Mongolian script is a prominent example of vertical writing arranged left to right.
Mongolian vowel harmony: A phonological pattern in which vowels within a word generally belong to compatible classes. Vowel harmony shapes spelling conventions for many Mongolian words.
Mongol Empire: The empire founded by Genghis Khan that expanded across much of Eurasia in the thirteenth century. Imperial administration helped establish the script across Mongol territories.
Inner Mongolia: An autonomous region of northern China with a large Mongolian-speaking population. Mongolian script remains widely used in education and public life there.
Chinese characters: Logographic characters used to write Chinese and several other languages. Unlike Chinese characters, Mongolian letters represent sounds and connect within words.
Mongolian punctuation: The punctuation marks used in Mongolian writing, including marks adapted to vertical layout. Punctuation must work within the script’s vertical lines of text.
Todo script: A seventeenth-century reform of Mongolian script devised by the Oirat monk Zaya Pandita. It adapted the traditional system to represent Oirat pronunciation more precisely.

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