Knowra Monochloramine Monochloramine Monochloramine (NH₂Cl) is an inorganic compound formed by replacing one hydrogen atom in ammonia with chlorine. It is used as a disinfectant in drinking-water systems.
Chloramination : Water treatment that adds chlorine and ammonia to form chloramines as disinfectants. This process produces monochloramine by combining chlorine with ammonia under controlled conditions.
Drinking water treatment : Processes that remove contaminants and pathogens to make water safe for drinking. Monochloramine is applied during treatment to disinfect water and maintain protection in distribution pipes.
Disinfection byproducts : Chemical compounds formed when disinfectants react with natural or human-made substances in water. Monochloramine can form nitrogen-containing byproducts, including nitrosamines, under some treatment conditions.
Free chlorine : Dissolved chlorine disinfectant species, chiefly hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion. Free chlorine generally disinfects faster, while monochloramine tends to persist longer in distribution.
Ammonia : A nitrogen hydride with the formula NH₃, used in fertilizers, refrigeration, and chemical production. Ammonia supplies the nitrogen framework that becomes monochloramine when one hydrogen is replaced by chlorine.
Water distribution system : The pipes, pumps, storage, and controls that deliver treated water to consumers. Monochloramine’s persistence helps maintain a disinfectant residual across long pipe networks.
N-Nitrosodimethylamine : A potent carcinogenic nitrosamine found as a trace contaminant in some treated waters. Monochloramine can contribute to its formation when dimethylamine or related precursors are present.
Dichloramine : An inorganic chloramine with formula NHCl₂, formed when two ammonia hydrogens are replaced by chlorine. It is a related chloramine species that can arise when chlorine-to-ammonia conditions favor further substitution.
Hypochlorous acid : A weak acid, HOCl, formed when chlorine dissolves in water and a potent disinfecting species. It reacts with ammonia to form monochloramine in water-treatment systems.
Disinfectant residual : The amount of disinfectant remaining in water after initial treatment and during distribution. Monochloramine is often selected because it sustains a residual farther through the network than free chlorine.
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