Monroe Doctrine

A 1823 U.S. policy opposed new European colonization or intervention in the Americas and pledged U.S. noninterference in European affairs.

James Monroe: The fifth president of the United States, who served from 1817 to 1825. He announced the doctrine in his 1823 annual message to Congress.
State of the Union address: A yearly report and policy address delivered by the U.S. president to Congress. Monroe presented the doctrine in his December 1823 annual message.
Roosevelt Corollary: The 1904 addition to the Monroe Doctrine claiming a U.S. right to intervene in Latin American countries facing instability. It recast the doctrine as justification for U.S. policing of the hemisphere.
Adams–Onís Treaty: A 1819 agreement in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States and the two countries set boundaries in North America. It shows U.S. territorial diplomacy with a European power shortly before the doctrine.
John Quincy Adams: An American diplomat and statesman who served as secretary of state and later president. He shaped the doctrine’s language and opposed making it a joint declaration with Britain.
Non-intervention: A foreign-policy principle opposing intervention in another state’s internal or external affairs. The doctrine pledged U.S. restraint in European conflicts and existing European colonies.
Big Stick diplomacy: Theodore Roosevelt’s policy of combining negotiation with the threat of U.S. military force. It supplied the coercive approach accompanying the Roosevelt Corollary.
Pan-Americanism: The idea of political, economic, or cultural cooperation among the nations of the Americas. Unlike the doctrine’s unilateral U.S. declaration, pan-Americanism proposed broader hemispheric cooperation.
Latin American wars of independence: The conflicts that ended Spanish and Portuguese rule across much of Latin America in the early nineteenth century. Newly independent states raised U.S. concern about European efforts to restore colonial rule.
European colonialism in the Americas: The establishment and rule of European colonies across the American continents. The doctrine’s central warning targeted further European expansion in the hemisphere.

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