Morphology

Morphology is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their parts, including how those forms vary and relate to function.

Anatomy: The study of the internal structure of organisms and the relationships among their parts. Anatomy overlaps with morphology but focuses especially on internal structures and their arrangement.
Morphogenesis: The biological process by which an organism or tissue develops its shape and spatial organization. It describes how the forms studied in morphology arise during development.
Taxonomy: The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms. Structural traits have long supplied characters used to identify and classify species.
Physiology: The study of how organisms and their parts function. Physiology emphasizes operation, whereas morphology emphasizes form and structure.
Comparative anatomy: The comparison of anatomical structures across different species. It uses structural similarities and differences to describe organismal form across species.
Developmental biology: The study of how organisms grow and develop from fertilization through maturity. It provides the processes that generate and modify organismal structures.
Phylogenetics: The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes. Comparisons of homologous structures can help reconstruct evolutionary relationships.
Molecular biology: The study of biological processes at the level of molecules and their interactions. It examines molecular mechanisms that may underlie structures rather than organismal form itself.
Homology: Similarity between biological structures due to shared evolutionary ancestry. Shared structural patterns can reveal ancestry even when forms serve different functions.
Cell differentiation: The process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions. Different cell types build the distinct tissues and structures seen in morphology.

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