Mortality rate

Mortality rate is the frequency of deaths in a population during a specified period, usually expressed relative to population size or person-time.

Crude death rate: The number of deaths in a population during a period divided by its mid-period population, often per 1,000 people annually. It is the basic population-level form of mortality rate, without adjustment for population structure.
Case fatality rate: The proportion of diagnosed cases of a disease that die from it within a defined period. Unlike a population mortality rate, its denominator is people with the disease.
Mortality risk: The probability that an individual dies during a specified period. Risk is a probability over a period; a rate relates deaths to population or person-time.
Age adjustment: A statistical method that removes differences in age composition when comparing population rates. It prevents older populations from appearing less healthy solely because they have more older residents.
Age-specific mortality rate: The death rate within a defined age group during a specified period. Separating ages reveals risks hidden by a population’s overall rate.
Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths before age one per 1,000 live births in a specified period. It is a widely used indicator of conditions affecting infants and maternal-child health.
Incidence rate: The frequency of new cases of a condition per unit of population or person-time. It counts new illness events rather than deaths.
Simpson's paradox: A statistical reversal in which a trend within groups changes or disappears when groups are combined. Aggregated mortality rates can reverse comparisons made within age or other strata.
Cause-specific mortality rate: The rate of deaths attributed to a particular cause in a population during a specified period. Restricting deaths to one cause shows how that cause contributes to population mortality.
Maternal mortality ratio: The number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births during a specified period. It tracks deaths associated with pregnancy and childbirth using a birth-based denominator.

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