Mount Bromo

Mount Bromo is an active volcanic cone in East Java, Indonesia, within the Tengger caldera. Its broad, ash-covered summit crater rises from the caldera floor.

Tengger caldera: A large volcanic depression in East Java formed by the collapse of a volcano after major eruptions. Bromo rises from this caldera’s floor, within a landscape shaped by its collapse.
Sunda Arc: A volcanic arc formed where the Indo-Australian Plate subducts beneath the Sunda Plate. Bromo belongs to this chain of volcanoes produced by subduction.
Tenggerese people: An ethnic group of East Java whose communities are centered in the Tengger highlands. Tenggerese communities live around Bromo and maintain traditions tied to the landscape.
Volcano tourism: Travel to volcanic landscapes for their scenery, geology, and cultural significance. Bromo is one of Indonesia’s best-known destinations for sunrise and crater visits.
Volcanic crater: A bowl-shaped depression around a volcanic vent, formed by eruptions or collapse. Bromo’s summit crater releases volcanic gases and ash.
Indo-Australian Plate: A tectonic plate moving northward beneath parts of Southeast Asia. Its subduction contributes to the magma that feeds Java’s volcanoes.
Yadnya Kasada: An annual Tenggerese Hindu ceremony involving offerings at Mount Bromo’s crater. The ceremony brings offerings to Bromo as part of a continuing religious tradition.
Volcanic hazard: A threat to people or property arising from volcanic activity, such as ashfall or gas exposure. Eruptions can close trails and expose visitors and nearby communities to hazards.
Volcanic ash: Fine fragments of volcanic rock and glass expelled during explosive eruptions. Ash from Bromo’s eruptions coats its summit and surrounding caldera floor.
Sunda Plate: A tectonic plate that underlies much of Southeast Asia and the Sunda Shelf. Bromo sits on the overriding plate above the subduction zone.

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