Muhammad Abduh

Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905) was an Egyptian Islamic scholar, jurist, and reformer who sought to renew Muslim thought through reason, education, and reinterpretation of Islamic sources.

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani: An Iranian-born Muslim thinker and activist who advocated political solidarity and resistance to European imperialism. Al-Afghani mentored Abduh and drew him into reformist politics.
Tafsir al-Manar: A modernist Qur’anic commentary begun by Muhammad Abduh and continued by Rashid Rida, based on Abduh’s lessons. It shows Abduh applying reformist interpretation to the Qur’an.
Education in Egypt: The institutions and policies through which schooling in Egypt developed across religious and state settings. Abduh argued for broader learning and changes to the curricula of religious education.
Ali Abdel Raziq: An Egyptian Islamic scholar whose 1925 book argued that Islam does not prescribe a specific form of government. His controversial argument developed debates about religion and politics that Abduh’s reformism helped shape.
Islamic reform movements: Movements that seek to renew Muslim beliefs, institutions, or practices through reinterpretation and social change. Abduh’s emphasis on reason and renewal informed later reformist currents.
Urabi revolt: An Egyptian nationalist uprising against the khedive and European influence, culminating in British occupation in 1882. Abduh supported the uprising, was exiled after its defeat, and reconsidered political reform.
Ijtihad: Independent juristic reasoning used to derive rulings from Islamic sources. Abduh treated renewed reasoning as necessary for addressing changing conditions.
Egyptian legal reform: Changes to Egypt’s legal institutions and codes during its nineteenth- and twentieth-century modernization. As grand mufti, Abduh used legal opinions to address contemporary social and institutional issues.
Qasim Amin: An Egyptian jurist and writer known for advocating changes to women’s education and social status. Amin shared reformist concerns about education and social change in Abduh’s intellectual milieu.
Salafism: A diverse Sunni movement that calls for emulating the earliest Muslim generations in belief and practice. Later Salafist thinkers drew on some reformist themes while diverging from Abduh’s intellectual openness.

Linked from 6 pages