Muhammad bin Tughluq

Muhammad bin Tughluq was Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351. His ambitious policies, including shifting the capital and issuing token currency, strained the sultanate and became enduring examples of risky statecraft.

Token currency of Muhammad bin Tughluq: A copper and brass currency issued by Muhammad bin Tughluq at face values comparable to silver coins. Counterfeiting and weak state control undermined this monetary experiment.
Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq: Founder of the Tughluq dynasty and Sultan of Delhi from 1320 to 1325. Muhammad succeeded his father, inheriting the dynasty's expanding dominion.
Mongol invasions of India: A series of incursions into the Indian subcontinent by Mongol forces, especially during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The continuing threat helped motivate Muhammad's costly plans for a large army.
Bahmani Sultanate: A Deccan sultanate founded in 1347 by Alauddin Bahman Shah after a revolt against Delhi's rule. Its formation turned a provincial rebellion into a durable independent kingdom.
Capital transfer to Daulatabad: Muhammad bin Tughluq's attempt to move the Delhi Sultanate's capital from Delhi to Daulatabad in the Deccan. The forced relocation exposed the human and logistical costs of his centralizing strategy.
Tughluq dynasty: A dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1320 to 1414. Muhammad's reign was an early and consequential phase of this dynasty's rule.
Qarachil expedition: A military expedition sent by Muhammad bin Tughluq toward the Himalayan region, which ended in heavy losses. Its failure illustrates the risks of campaigns launched beyond secure supply lines.
Madurai Sultanate: A Muslim kingdom in southern India that emerged in the fourteenth century amid the weakening of Delhi Sultanate control. It was one of the southern territories to break away during Muhammad's reign.
Doab taxation: Taxation imposed in the fertile Ganges–Yamuna Doab during Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign. Increased demands amid famine and rebellion made this fiscal policy disastrous.
Khusrau Khan: A courtier who briefly ruled the Delhi Sultanate in 1320 before Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq seized power. The violent political transition preceding Muhammad's accession shaped the dynasty's beginnings.

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