Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) was an Arabian Islamic theologian whose call to restore uncompromising monotheism inspired the movement later known as Wahhabism.

Najd: Najd is the central plateau of the Arabian Peninsula, historically divided among oasis settlements and tribal territories. This was the region where his preaching took shape and gained its first political foothold.
Tawhid: Tawhid is the Islamic doctrine that God is one and unique, without partner or equal. He made strict adherence to tawhid the defining principle of religious reform.
Muhammad bin Saud: Muhammad bin Saud was the emir of Diriyah who founded the first Saudi state in the 18th century. His 1744 alliance with Abd al-Wahhab joined political power to religious reform.
Wahhabism: Wahhabism is a Sunni reform movement associated with Abd al-Wahhab’s teachings and the Saudi religious tradition. This is the movement most directly identified with his legacy.
Hanbali school: The Hanbali school is one of Sunni Islam’s four major legal traditions, known for close reliance on scripture and transmitted reports. His legal outlook drew heavily on this Sunni tradition.
Shirk: Shirk is associating anything or anyone with God in worship or divine attributes, regarded in Islam as a grave sin. He treated appeals to saints and the dead as possible violations of this principle.
Diriyah: Diriyah is an oasis town near present-day Riyadh that served as the capital of the first Saudi state. The town became the movement’s political base after the alliance.
First Saudi State: The First Saudi State was an Arabian polity centered on Diriyah from the mid-18th century until its defeat by Ottoman-Egyptian forces in 1818. It carried the reform movement beyond its original preaching centers.
Ibn Taymiyya: Ibn Taymiyya was a 13th- and 14th-century Hanbali theologian and jurist whose writings criticized practices he considered religious innovations. His critiques of devotional practices strongly influenced Abd al-Wahhab’s arguments.
Bid'ah: Bid'ah is religious innovation, especially a practice introduced into Islam without recognized grounding in scripture or precedent. He rejected customs he judged to be unauthorized additions to worship.

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