Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid

Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid was a Turkish military commander who founded the Ikhshidid dynasty and ruled Egypt and parts of Syria from 935 to 946.

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Ikhshidid dynasty: A dynasty that ruled Egypt and parts of Syria from 935 to 969. Al-Ikhshid founded this dynasty and established its rule in Egypt.
Tulunid dynasty: A dynasty that ruled Egypt and parts of Syria from 868 to 905. Its earlier autonomous rule shaped the political setting al-Ikhshid inherited.
Fatimid conquest of Egypt: The Fatimid takeover of Egypt in 969, which ended Ikhshidid rule. The dynasty al-Ikhshid founded lasted until this conquest.
Al-Ikhshid: A title of Central Asian origin granted to Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid by the Abbasid caliph. The title became his familiar name and the dynasty’s designation.
Abbasid Caliphate: An Islamic caliphate ruled by the Abbasid dynasty from Baghdad and, later, other centers. Al-Ikhshid governed Egypt under nominal Abbasid authority.
Abbasid governors of Egypt: Provincial officials appointed to govern Egypt on behalf of the Abbasid caliphs. Al-Ikhshid’s appointment continued this office’s role in Egyptian government.
Abu al-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali: The last Ikhshidid ruler, who held power as the Fatimids advanced into Egypt. His reign marks the final phase of the dynasty founded by al-Ikhshid.
Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ra'iq: An Abbasid military commander who became the first amir al-umara in Baghdad. Ibn Ra’iq’s rise was part of the same era of powerful military governors.
Abu al-Misk Kafur: An enslaved eunuch who rose to become a leading Ikhshidid military and political figure. Kafur served al-Ikhshid and later directed the dynasty’s government.
Tughj ibn Juff: A Turkish military commander and father of Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid. Al-Ikhshid inherited a military and administrative background from his father.